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During
step 1 the tool is pressed with a relatively high force against
the workpiece in order to obtain initial frictional heat generation.
This causes a plastic deformation of a maximum 5% of the
total deformed workpiece material. |
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In
step 2 the temperature of the tool and the workpiece increases
substantially resulting in a decrease of the normal force required. |
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In
step 3 the entire surface of the cone is in contact with the
workpiece material and the temperature of the tool and workpiece
reaches its maximum (depending on the workpiece material). |
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In
the last step the outer bush is deformed. For this deformation
a relatively high force is also necessary.
This step is also called 'the calibration step'. |